Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade. During the 20th century, Massachusetts's economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing, and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution. Massachusetts is also home to the urban core of Greater Boston, the largest metropolitan area in New England and a region profoundly influential upon American history, academia, and the research economy. The state's capital and most populous city, as well as its cultural and financial center, is Boston. Massachusetts is the 6th smallest state by land area but is the 15th most populous state and the 3rd most densely populated, after New Jersey and Rhode Island. The state borders the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Maine to its east, Connecticut and Rhode Island to its south, New Hampshire and Vermont to its north, and New York to its west. Massachusetts ( / ˌ m æ s ə ˈ tʃ uː s ɪ t s/ ( listen), /- z ɪ t s/ Massachusett: Muhsachuweesut /məhswatʃəwiːsət/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States, exceeding 7 million residents at the 2020 United States census, its highest decennial count ever.
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